Australia, New Zealand Encyclopedia 19. (töredék) [antikvár]

TROBRIAND ISLANDSTrobriand Islands (pop. 13,500 in 1971) are a aroup of islands in the milne bay District of Papua New Guinea. The unique culture of the islanders received world publicity following publication of books by the anthropologist, Bronislaw Malinowski, who lived in the Trobriaiids from 1915-18. The kula trading ring, where symbols of prestige and wealth are e.xchanged, is part of the culture.There are some 22 islands in the Trobriand group but only four major ones. The Trob-riands are N of the E tip of PNG and the D'Entrecasteaux group. The Islands arc all coral islands and due to receding sea levels or upthrust of the ocean bed, some have steep limestone cliffs and rise up to 90m above sea level. Other islands are very low.The largest islands are Kiriwina, Kaileuna, Kitava and Vakuta. Losuia (pop. 549 in 1971) on Kiriwina Island is the main administrative centre.In the past, the Polynesian-looking islanders were collectors of pearl shell and beche-de-mer. The main revenue now comes from the sale to tourists of ebony carvings of fish and other subjects. Vegetables, particularly yams which have an important role in Trobriand Island culture, are grown and traded with other islands.The group was named after an officer on the expedition led by Bruny D'Entrecasteaux which visited there in 1793. Pearlers worked Trobriand waters from the mid-1860s and German traders obtained yams from the islanders before 1890.TROCHUSTrochus (Trochus niloticus) is a gastropod, or stomach-footed mollusc found in the tropical seas of Austraha and Papua New Guinea. Its single shell was valued as a source of mother-of-pearl for use in button-making until it was replaced by plastics.Before World War II, many Japanese trochus divers were employed in Austrahan waters. The Australian trochus industry reached its peak in 1950-51 when some 1000 tonnes were gathered, mainly from Queensland. The amount gathered in both Australia and PNG is now negligible.Opposite: Australia and New Zealand are among the world's major harness-racing nations.In the Trobriand Islands, women have great social importance. Relationships are traced through the female line.TROLLOPE, AnthonyAnthony TroIIope (1815-82) was an English writer who visited Australia and New Zealand during 1871-72. He gave lectures during his visit and collected material which he later included in several books. Trollope visited Austraha again in 1875.His factual commentary on the two countries, Australia and New Zealand, was pubhshed in London in 1873. The book, which included some biting criticisms of the habits and character of the people of Australia and NZ, was read widely at the time. Trollope also wrote two novels with Australian themesHarry Heathcote ofGangoU (1874) was a realistic story of station life and John Caldigate (1879) was a story which began in London and moved to the Victorian goidfields.Trollope was educated at Harrow and joined the civil service. He travelled extensively and was the author of more than 50 books.TROPIC OF CAPRICORNThe Tropic of Capricorn is an imaginary circle placed by geographers on globes of the earth at a latitude of 23 degrees 28 minutes1513