After Babel [antikvár]

acknowledgements Though this book has, to a great extent, had to define and map its own field, it is none the less dependent on a large body of related work. One's bibliography and footnotes are, in this respect, the most genuine act of thanks. The origin of the present study lies in the Petrin Book of Modern Verse Translation which I edited in 1966 (and which was later reissued under the title Poem Into Poem). Tony Richardson was a close collaborator in that project. His early, tragic death has left a constant void. There are deficiencies in the present book which he would have been the first to note. During the course of work, I have benefited from exchanges with translators and with the increasing number of poets and scholars concerned with translation. Let me mention only Robert Fitzgerald, Roger Shattuck, Donald Came Ross, William Arrowsmith, Nathaniel Tam, John Frederick Nims, Christopher Middleton, and Octavio Paz. Some of the theoretical and practical matter presented in this book first came up in the course of seminars at Harvard, Yale, and the University of Zürich. In each case, the debt which I owe to my students is considerable. It will also be obvious, at various points, how much I profited from the personal interest of Claude Lévi-Strauss and I. A. Richards. Thomas Sebeok, whose knowledge of the whole range of current language-studies may well be unrivalled, has been a good listener. Noam Chomsky has been generous in expressing his disagreements in private communication (an exchange of views is included in my earlier book. Extraterritorial: Papers on Literature and the Language Revolution). Mr. Robin Anderson, of Churchill College, read the first three chapters in draft and offered critical advice on technical issues. During early stages of research, I received invaluable support from the Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Like so many other writers and scholars, I found in its Director, Prof. Gordon Ray, a