Macmillan Education English Language Teaching Catalogue 2007 [antikvár]

The Common European^^ FrameworkThe Common European Framework of Reference for Languages: Learning teaching, assessment (CEF) of the Council of Europe is being used in many different ways in many different educational contexts around the world, but it was never intended to tell teachers what to do or how to do it. As the authors of the CEF point out, its objective is to raise questions, not to answer them. It is intended to be a document for reference.The most well-known part of the CEF is the scale which describes a learner's language proficiency. There are six points on this scale (A1, A2, B1, B2, C1 and C2) and these range from low-level beginner to a very sophisticated language learner with a level that is approximately equivalent to the Cambridge Proficiency examination, for example.It is only possible or desirable for a coursebook to establish broad équivalences between the levels of coursebooks and the Council of Europe's levels.The levels in the CEF are described in terms of compétences - what learners can do with the language. These 'can do' statements are extremely useful in determining course objectives, but are really intended only to describe and help in évaluation.Besides the scales and the descriptions of compétences, the CEF emphasises the aims of language learning. Among these are the need to become independent and autonomous as a learner, and the récognition that language learning can encourage co-operation and other social values. Students can be encouraged to work together in pairs and groups, and the selection of topics, texts and tasks in a coursebook can promote a knowledge of other cultures, to encourage open-mindedness and to foster respect for others.The European Language Portfolio project is very closely linked to the Common European Framework. It is a document in which students who are learning or have learned a language - whether at school or outside school - can record and reflect on their language learning and cultural experiences. Students can select materials to illustrât their achievements.Where appropriate, we have tried to indicate the approximate generic and Common European Framework levels for many of our courses, next to the book title.The complete text of the CEF is available in print in at least eighteen languages. It is also available online in English and a number of other languages.