Natural Attenuation of Metals along the Tisza River - Floodplain - Wetlands Continuum [antikvár]

Natural Attenuation of Metals along the Tisza River - Floodplain - Wetlands Continuum 7Geographic Conditions of the Tisza Catchment AreaTamás Németh, László Pásztor and József SzabóResearch Institute for Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesIntroductionThe River Tisza (966km, 157,220km^) is the largest Danube tributary with respect to its length and catchment area. Approximately 160km lies in the Ukraine and Romania and 800km in the Great Hungarian Plain (650km in Hungary, 15Dkm in Yugoslavia). The Tisza catchment area is bordered by the Carpathians in the north-west to south-east, while the divide is low to the west and south-west. The area is divided in the middle by the Transylvanian island range; the Transylvanian basin to the east, the Great plane to the west. In the deep path of the latter runs the middle and lower Tisza roughly following a north-south direction. The river has its source in the north-eastern part of the catchment area, in the Máramaros mountains.The mean annual discharge of the Tisza (1931 - 1970, Senta, Yugoslavia) at the confluence with the Danube is 766m^ s"' ranging from 37 Im^ s"' to a maximum of 1644m^ s '. Romania has 46.2% of the catchment area, Hungary 29.4%, Slovakia 9.7%, Ukraine 8.1% and The Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) 6.6%. The distribution of population (14.4 million) between the countries corresponds closely to their share of the catchment. The rate of runoff from the contributing catchment varies substantially along the route of the Tisza. A significant proportion of the rainfall contributing to this runoff falls on the upper catchment, and although Hungary has more than 25% of the area, it receives only 5% of the rain.When outlining geographical features of the Tisza valley, stagnant waters accompanying the river should must be considered. These are partly temporary or permanent waters of plains and left beds coming into existence from tectonic depressions, or foreshore or protected side mortlakes coming into existence naturally or artificially. Fish ponds and reservoirs established in the low parts of the tide land also belong here. Many enclosed valleys can be seen can be seen on the mountain courses too, and many reservoirs have been constructed for flood protection or as industrial and municipal water supplies.