The origin and evolution of the calls and facial expressions of the primates [antikvár]

THE ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF THE CALLS AND FACIAL EXPRESSIONS OF THE PRIMATESbyR. J. ANDREW1)(Department of Zoology, Yale University) (With 35 Figures and 2 Plates) (Rec. 20-VI-1962)The study of the origin and evolution of displays began with the publication in 1872 of the 'Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals'. The systematic study of primate displays not only began, but may be justly said to have ended with this book, despite the fact that human expressions and calls can be interpreted and understood only by comparison with those of other primates. The pages which follow represent a first attempt to resume this work, which is of great importance not only to the study of animal behaviour but to psychology and anthropology.MATERIALS AND METHODS The numbers of each species observed are given in the systematic account which follows. The literature on primate vocalisations and expressions has been reviewed up to the end of i960.Calls were recorded on an Ampex portable tape recorder and studied as sound spectrograms made with a Kay Sonagraph. This and much of the apparatus and materials used were bought with a National Science Foundation Grant (NSFG 12996). A sound spectrogram displays sounds visually; the vertical axis represents pitch, and the horizontal axis time from the beginning of the recording. A normal spectrogram would show sound over a period of a little over two seconds up to a pitch of about 7.5 Kc. By playing record-1) Nearly all the Strepsirhines discussed were studied in the author's laboratory, thanks to the great generosity of Dr J. Buettner-Janusch. Cebus albifrons, Aotes trivirgatus and Lagothrix lagotricha have also been under prolonged study. The remaining primates were studied in the public collections at the Bronx Zoo; the author wishes to thank the authorities in charge of the Bronx Zoo for permission to make recordings there. His thanks are also due to Professor E. J. Boell for the accommodation and facilities afforded by the Yale Zoology Department. He is extremely grateful to Dr T. Tugend-hat and Dr O. Aldis for comments on the paper in preliminary drafts. Finally, major support was afforded by US PHSG M 5127.Behaviour XXI